Journal Article Epublish 21 citations
PubMed: 35797394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270966
Prevalence of and risk factors for depression, anxiety, and stress in non-hospitalized asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients in East Java province, Indonesia.
PLoS One 17(7):e0270966
Authors: Michael Austin Pradipta Lusida, Sovia Salamah, Michael Jonatan, Illona Okvita Wiyogo, Claudia Herda Asyari, Nurarifah Destianizar Ali, Jose Asmara, Ria Indah Wahyuningtyas, Erwin Astha Triyono, Ni Kadek Ratnadewi, Abyan Irzaldy, Firas Farisi Alkaff
Affiliations
- Indrapura Emergency Field Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
- Indrapura Emergency Field Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
- Indrapura Emergency Field Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Brawijaya University-Dr. Saiful Anwar General Hospital, Malang, Indonesia.
- Indrapura Emergency Field Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Syiah Kuala University-Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
- Indrapura Emergency Field Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia.
- Indrapura Emergency Field Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Health Office of Indonesian Navy Fifth Main Base, Surabaya, Indonesia.
- Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapy, Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Despite abundant data on mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, 3 important knowledge gaps continue to exist, i.e., 1) studies from low-/middle income countries (LMICs); 2) studies in the later period of the COVID-19 pandemic; and 3) studies on non-hospitalized asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients. To address the knowledge gaps, we assessed the prevalence of and the risk factors for mental health symptoms among non-hospitalized asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients in one LMIC (Indonesia) during the later period of the pandemic.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2020 in East Java province, Indonesia. Study population consisted of non-hospitalized asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients who were diagnosed based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results from nasopharyngeal swab. Mental health symptoms were evaluated using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21.
RESULTS
From 778 non-hospitalized asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients, 608 patients were included in the analysis. Patients' median age was 35 years old and 61.2% were male. Of these, 22 (3.6%) reported symptoms of depression, 87 (14.3%) reported symptoms of anxiety, and 48 (7.9%) reported symptoms of stress. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that females were more likely to report symptoms of stress (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.98, p-value = 0.028); healthcare workers were more likely to report symptoms of depression and anxiety (aOR = 5.57, p-value = 0.002 and aOR = 2.92, p-value = 0.014, respectively); and those with a recent history of self-quarantine were more likely to report symptoms of depression and stress (aOR 5.18, p = 0.004 and aOR = 1.86, p = 0.047, respectively).
CONCLUSION
The reported prevalence of mental health symptoms, especially depression, was relatively low among non-hospitalized asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 patients during the later period of the COVID-19 pandemic in East Java province, Indonesia. In addition, several risk factors have been identified.
MeSH
Depression, Stress, Physiological, Signs And Symptoms, Covid-19, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Pandemics, Mental Health
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