Journal Article Review Epublish 23 citations
PubMed: 36293160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012311
The Challenge of Long COVID-19 Management: From Disease Molecular Hallmarks to the Proposal of Exercise as Therapy.
Int J Mol Sci 23(20)
Authors: Raffaele Scurati, Nadia Papini, Paola Giussani, Giampietro Alberti, Cristina Tringali
Affiliations
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA Segrate, 20090 Segrate, MI, Italy.
Abstract
Long coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is the designation given to a novel syndrome that develops within a few months after infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and that is presenting with increasing incidence because of the numerous cases of infection. Long COVID-19 is characterized by a sequela of clinical symptoms that concern different organs and tissues, from nervous, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and renal systems to skeletal muscle and cardiovascular apparatus. The main common molecular cause for all long COVID-19 facets appears to be related to immune dysregulations, the persistence of inflammatory status, epigenetic modifications, and alterations of neurotrophin release. The prevention and management of long COVID-19 are still inappropriate because many aspects need further clarification. Exercise is known to exert a deep action on molecular dysfunctions elicited by long COVID-19 depending on training intensity, duration, and continuity. Evidence suggests that it could improve the quality of life of long COVID-19 patients. This review explores the main clinical features and the known molecular mechanisms underlying long COVID-19 in the perspective of considering exercise as a co-medication in long COVID-19 management.
MeSH
Infections, Signs And Symptoms, Therapeutics, Exercise, Coronavirus, Sars-Cov-2, Post-Acute Covid-19 Syndrome
Cited by
- A multidisciplinary review of long COVID to address the challenges in diagnosis and updated management guidelines. Ann Med Surg (Lond), 2025
- Balancing the value and risk of exercise-based therapy post-COVID-19: a narrative review. Eur Respir Rev, 2023
- Severe COVID-19 and its cardiopulmonary effects 6 and 18 months after hospital discharge. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2024
- Effects of Aerobic Exercise Therapy through Nordic Walking Program in Lactate Concentrations, Fatigue and Quality-of-Life in Patients with Long-COVID Syndrome: A Non-Randomized Parallel Controlled Trial. J Clin Med, 2024
- Persistent SARS-CoV-2 Infection, EBV, HHV-6 and Other Factors May Contribute to Inflammation and Autoimmunity in Long COVID. Viruses, 2023
- Neurological Sequelae of Post-COVID-19 Fatigue: A Narrative Review of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV-Mediated Cerebrovascular Complications. Curr Issues Mol Biol, 2024
- Efficacy of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Post-COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biomedicines, 2023