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Journal Article Review Epublish 6 citations

PubMed: 36661514 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010028

A Clinical Update on SARS-CoV-2: Pathology and Development of Potential Inhibitors.

Curr Issues Mol Biol 45(1):400-433

Authors: Desh Deepak Singh, Ihn Han, Eun-Ha Choi, Dharmendra Kumar Yadav

Affiliations

  • Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India.
  • Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical & Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea.
  • Department of R&D Center, Arontier Co. Seoul 06735, Republic of Korea.

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome) is highly infectious and causes severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARD), immune suppression, and multi-organ failure. For SARS-CoV-2, only supportive treatment options are available, such as oxygen supportive therapy, ventilator support, antibiotics for secondary infections, mineral and fluid treatment, and a significant subset of repurposed effective drugs. Viral targeted inhibitors are the most suitable molecules, such as ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme-2) and RBD (receptor-binding domain) protein-based inhibitors, inhibitors of host proteases, inhibitors of viral proteases 3CLpro (3C-like proteinase) and PLpro (papain-like protease), inhibitors of replicative enzymes, inhibitors of viral attachment of SARS-CoV-2 to the ACE2 receptor and TMPRSS2 (transmembrane serine proteinase 2), inhibitors of HR1 (Heptad Repeat 1)-HR2 (Heptad Repeat 2) interaction at the S2 protein of the coronavirus, etc. Targeting the cathepsin L proteinase, peptide analogues, monoclonal antibodies, and protein chimaeras as RBD inhibitors interferes with the spike protein's ability to fuse to the membrane. Targeting the cathepsin L proteinase, peptide analogues, monoclonal antibodies, and protein chimaeras as RBD inhibitors interferes with the spike protein's ability to fuse to the membrane. Even with the tremendous progress made, creating effective drugs remains difficult. To develop COVID-19 treatment alternatives, clinical studies are examining a variety of therapy categories, including antibodies, antivirals, cell-based therapy, repurposed diagnostic medicines, and more. In this article, we discuss recent clinical updates on SARS-CoV-2 infection, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, immunopathology, the new emergence of variant, SARS-CoV-2, various approaches to drug development and treatment options. The development of therapies has been complicated by the global occurrence of many SARS-CoV-2 mutations. Discussion of this manuscript will provide new insight into drug pathophysiology and drug development.

MeSH

Infections, Enzymes, Pathology, Membranes, Peptide Hydrolases, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Therapeutics, Cathepsin L, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Cathepsins, Sars Virus, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, Covid-19, Sars-Cov-2

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