Journal Article Comparative Study Ppublish 10 citations
PubMed: 36725924 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00518-0
Socioexposomics of COVID-19 across New Jersey: a comparison of geostatistical and machine learning approaches.
J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 34(2):197-207
Authors: Xiang Ren, Zhongyuan Mi, Panos G Georgopoulos
Affiliations
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Justice, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Disparities in adverse COVID-19 health outcomes have been associated with multiple social and environmental stressors. However, research is needed to evaluate the consistency and efficiency of methods for studying these associations at local scales.
OBJECTIVE
To assess socioexposomic associations with COVID-19 outcomes across New Jersey and evaluate consistency of findings from multiple modeling approaches.
METHODS
We retrieved data for COVID-19 cases and deaths for the 565 municipalities of New Jersey up to the end of the first phase of the pandemic, and calculated mortality rates with and without long-term-care (LTC) facility deaths. We considered 84 spatially heterogeneous environmental, demographic and socioeconomic factors from publicly available databases, including air pollution, proximity to industrial sites/facilities, transportation-related noise, occupation and commuting, neighborhood and housing characteristics, age structure, racial/ethnic composition, poverty, etc. Six geostatistical models (Poisson/Negative-Binomial regression, Poison/Negative-Binomial mixed effect model, Poisson/Negative-Binomial Bersag-York-Mollie spatial model) and two Machine Learning (ML) methods (Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting) were implemented to assess association patterns. The Shapley effects plot was established for explainable ML and change of support validation was introduced to compare performances of different approaches.
RESULTS
We found robust positive associations of COVID-19 mortality with historic exposures to NO, population density, percentage of minority and below high school education, and other social and environmental factors. Exclusion of LTC deaths does not significantly affect correlations for most factors but findings can be substantially influenced by model structures and assumptions. The best performing geostatistical models involved flexible structures representing data variations. ML methods captured association patterns consistent with the best performing geostatistical models, and furthermore detected consistent nonlinear associations not captured by geostatistical models.
SIGNIFICANCE
The findings of this work improve the understanding of how social and environmental disparities impacted COVID-19 outcomes across New Jersey.
MeSH
Long-Term Care, Environmental Exposure, Mortality, Machine Learning, Covid-19