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Publications

Journal Article Review Ppublish 2 citations

PubMed: 39028583 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxae062

Human genetic and immunological determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children.

Clin Exp Immunol 219(1)

Authors: Halima Kholaiq, Yousra Abdelmoumen, Abderrahmane Moundir, Assiya El Kettani, Fatima Ailal, Ibtihal Benhsaien, Fatima Adnane, Asmaa Drissi Bourhanbour, Naima Amenzoui, Jalila El Bakkouri, Ahmed Aziz Bousfiha

Affiliations

  • Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation and Allergies (LICIA), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco.
  • Laboratory of Bacteriology, Virology and Hospital Hygiene, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco.
  • Laboratory of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco.
  • Clinical Immunology and Infectious Pediatrics Department, Abderrahim Harouchi Hospital, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco.
  • Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation and Allergies (LICIA), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco. Clinical Immunology and Infectious Pediatrics Department, Abderrahim Harouchi Hospital, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco.
  • Immunology Laboratory, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco.
  • Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco.

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induces pneumonia and acute respiratory failure in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with inborn errors of immunity to type I interferon (IFN-I). The impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection varies widely, ranging from mild respiratory symptoms to life-threatening illness and organ failure, with a higher incidence in men than in women. Approximately 3-5% of critical COVID-19 patients under 60 and a smaller percentage of elderly patients exhibit genetic defects in IFN-I production, including X-chromosome-linked TLR7 and autosomal TLR3 deficiencies. Around 15-20% of cases over 70 years old, and a smaller percentage of younger patients, present with preexisting autoantibodies neutralizing type I interferons. Additionally, innate errors affecting the control of the response to type I interferon have been associated with pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C). Several studies have described rare errors of immunity, such as XIAP deficiency, CYBB, SOCS1, OAS1/2, and RNASEL, as underlying factors in MIS-C susceptibility. However, further investigations in expanded patient cohorts are needed to validate these findings and pave the way for new genetic approaches to MIS-C. This review aims to present recent evidence from the scientific literature on genetic and immunological abnormalities predisposing individuals to critical SARS-CoV-2 infection through IFN-I. We will also discuss multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Understanding the immunological mechanisms and pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 may inform personalized patient care and population protection strategies against future serious viral infections.

MeSH

Coronavirus, Sars-Cov-2, Covid-19, Immunity, Interferon Type I, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus, Infections, Child, Virus Diseases