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Publications

Journal Article Epublish

PubMed: 40386035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2025.101685

The role of impaired iron transport on exercise performance and prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure.

Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 59:101685

Authors: Jeness Campodonico, Alice Bonomi, Marina Alimento, Anna Apostolo, Arianna Piotti, Irene Mattavelli, Elisabetta Salvioni, Massimo Mapelli, Carlo Vignati, Paola Gugliandolo, Beatrice Pezzuto, Giulia Grilli, Valentina Rusconi, Paolo Poggio, Piergiuseppe Agostoni

Affiliations

  • Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
  • Department of clinical sciences and community health, Cardiovascular section, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
  • University of Milan, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, Milan, Italy.

Abstract

Background

Iron deficiency (ID) is frequent in chronic heart failure (HF). Among HF-ID patients those with impaired iron transport (IIT) (Transferrin saturation (TSAT) < 20 %) have the worst prognosis. In HF survival is strictly related to exercise limitation but the link between IIT, exercise limitation and survival is at present undefined.

Methods

We evaluated in 999 consecutive patients hospitalized for worsening HF whether IIT affects prognosis through cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), i.e. peak oxygen uptake (VO 2) and ventilation vs. carbon dioxide (VE/VCO 2) slope. In all patients at stabilization iron metabolism and maximal CPET were performed. Survival was assessed as all cause death, urgent LVAD and heart transplant were considered death equivalents. The causal relationship between survival and IIT, peakVO 2 and VE/VCO 2slope was assessed applying path analysis.

Results

PeakVO 2, VE/VCO 2slope and TSAT were 68 ± 44 %pred, 35 ± 9 and 24.4 ± 12.9, respectively. PeakVO 2 and , VE/VCO 2slope were 61 ± 18 vs. 72 ± 53 %pred and 38 ± 10 vs. 33 ± 8, in IIT vs. non IIT patients (p < 0.0001 in both). At univariable and multivariable analysis a correlation between survival and VO 2, VE/VCO 2slope and TSAT was observed; at Kaplan-Myer lower peakVO 2, higher VE/VCO 2slope and lower TSAT showed worst survival; at path analysis IIT showed both an important effect on survival independent from peakVO 2 and VE/VCO 2slope (48 %) and an effect on survival independently mediated by VE/VCO 2slope and peakVO 2 (52 %), contributing to the IIT negative effect on survival.

Conclusions

The adverse impacts of low TSAT on prognosis are in part direct and in part mediated by mechanisms related to reduced peakVO 2 and increased @VE/VCO 2slope.

MeSH

Exercise, Heart Failure, Heart, Prognosis