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Publications

Journal Article Epublish

PubMed: 40573938 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines13060607

Ethnic Comparisons of Spike-Specific CD4+ T Cells, Serological Responses, and Neutralizing Antibody Titers Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants.

Vaccines (Basel) 13(6)

Authors: Fani Pantouli, Vanessa Silva-Moraes, Ted M Ross

Affiliations

  • Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, 9801 SW Discovery Way, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA.
  • Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
  • Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
  • Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

To evaluate how immune responses compare among ethnic groups approximately 2 years after receiving a third dose of COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1or BBIBP-CorV), we tested T cell responses and Spike-specific RBD-antibody titer, and neutralized antibody titer levels utilizing Spectral Flow cytometry, ELISA, and SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped-based neutralization assays, respectively.

METHODS

Forty-four individuals from January-December 2023 were identified within the cohort and were classified into different ethnic backgrounds; Black (N = 13), Asian (N = 14), Caucasian (N = 17). We recognize that the "Asian" group includes diverse subpopulations with distinct genetic and environmental backgrounds, which could not be further stratified due to sample-size limitations. Spike-specific AIM+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cell responses were assessed and evaluated against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the ancestral Wuhan, Delta, and multiple Omicron subvariants (B1.1529, BA2.86, BA.4/5, and XBB.1). Alongside we tested the RBD-IgG and neutralizing antibody titers against the ancestral Wuhan. Spearman's correlation analysis was utilized to determine corelative relationships among the AIM+ and CD4+ T cell responses, as well as the RBD-IgG and neutralizing antibody titers.

RESULTS

Our results show robust and comparable RBD-IgG and neutralizing antibody titers across all groups, with a significant positive correlation between these two measurements. Significant differences were observed in T-cell activation, with Asian participants exhibiting lower frequencies of Spike-specific CD4+ T cells against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants and higher frequencies of cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2) as compared to the Caucasian group. Breakthrough infection status was not fully controlled and may influence these findings.

CONCLUSION

Despite a small sample size and potential confounding by natural infections within our long-time-span sampling, our data suggest persistent cellular and humoral immunity 2 years after vaccination across ethnicities, with notable differences in T cell activation and cytokine profile. These preliminary observations highlight the need for larger, more detailed studies that consider intra-ethnic diversity and hybrid immunity to better understand ethnic differences in COVID-19 vaccine responses.

MeSH

Cytokines, Cells, Sars-Cov-2, Vaccines, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Immunity, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus, Infections