Journal Article Ppublish
PubMed: 40736029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5c03624
Eugenol-Loaded Nanocarriers Exert Particle-Specific Adverse Effects on Daphnia magna Populations.
Environ Sci Technol 59(31):16293-16303
Authors: Bregje W Brinkmann, Lan Dupuis, Sam Houdijk, Pelle Wattel, Cástor Salgado, Andrea Brunelli, José F Fernández, Willie J G M Peijnenburg, Martina G Vijver
Affiliations
- Leiden University, Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden 2333CC, The Netherlands.
- Encapsulae SL, Castellón de la Plana 12006, Spain.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice 30172, Italy.
- Instituto de Ceramica y Vidrio, ICV-CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain.
- Center for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven 3720BA, The Netherlands.
Abstract
Nanocarriers provide promising prospects for the transition to more sustainable agrochemical practices. However, the unique release dynamics of their loaded chemicals raise concerns about potential adverse effects on nontarget organisms. To address this, we compared the toxicity of bentonite and sepiolite nanocarriers loaded with the anesthetic/antibacterial chemical eugenol to the toxicity of pure eugenol. Daphnia magna was exposed to loaded nanocarriers, pure eugenol, and bare nanocarriers. In acute immobilization tests, a 50% effect concentration (EC 50) of 0.14 ± 0.01 mg eugenol L -1 was derived for pure eugenol. Loading eugenol onto bentonite and sepiolite nanocarriers mitigated this acute toxicity, as indicated by respective EC 50 values of 0.48 ± 0.02 and 0.57 ± 0.07 mg eugenol L -1. In 12-day toxicity tests, similar concentrations of eugenol were released from both nanocarriers. For the first day of exposure, this temporarily reduced the swimming speed of the daphnids. Moreover, in contrast to sepiolite nanocarriers, bentonite nanocarriers induced marked decreases in population growth. This reveals that nanocarriers exert particle-specific adverse effects on daphnid populations that cannot be predicted based on the toxicity of their individual constituents. We therefore plead to assess nontarget effects of the complete nanocarrier system, including the carrier and its loading, before allowing these products on the market.
MeSH
Eugenol, Environmental Health, Sanitation