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Publications

Journal Article Epublish

PubMed: 41282024 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1689529

Diagnostic utility of reticulocyte hemoglobin for iron-restricted anemia in patients with end-stage kidney disease on hemodialysis.

Front Med (Lausanne) 12:1689529

Authors: Majed N Almashjary, Ammar M Sahl, Mohannad S Hazzazi, Mohammad H Alhashmi, Waleed M Bawazir, Ammar A Basabrain, Anwar Borai, Haitham Khalil, Mohammad Almohammadi, Malik A Altayar, Abdullah M Alqarni, Sahl A Jamalallail, Salem M Bahashwan, Husam Qanash, Elrashed B Yasin

Affiliations

  • Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Toxicology and Forensic Sciences Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  • King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  • King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Pathology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
  • Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
  • Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
  • Medical and Diagnostic Research Center, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia.
  • Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious, long-term illness that damages kidneys and lowers glomerular filtration rate. CKD often causes anemia. Iron deficiency (ID) is common in these patients and worsens illness symptoms. Modern hematology analysers can measure reticulocyte mean cell hemoglobin (MCHr), which directly measures iron integration into erythrocyte hemoglobin. MCHr can improve iron deficiency detection in CKD patients, who have aberrant iron indicators due to chronic inflammation. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of MCHr as a marker for ID in patients with CKD.

METHOD

To obtain data for this study, CBC, reticulocyte profile, and iron biomarkers were collected from King Khalid National Guard Hospital (Ref No. IRB/1861/23). Transferring saturation was calculated using (Serum iron/TIBC) × 100. GraphPad Prism 9 software was used to analyze the data, and Mann-Whitney, Spearman correlation, and ROC plots were used to determine MCHr's diagnostic performance. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant.

RESULT

The study compared 190 individuals undergoing hemodialysis (HD) with 165 healthy blood donors. The HD group showed lower levels of RBC, Hb, MCHr, serum iron, and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Despite anemia, the HD group had higher levels of ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT). MCHr demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance in identifying iron deficiency anemia (IDA), particularly in functional iron deficiency. When TSAT was < 20%, MCHr showed an AUC of 0.98, with 100% specificity and 72.41% sensitivity, significantly outperforming ferritin and TSAT in inflammatory settings. In the HD group with ferritin levels < 200 ng/mL, the MCHr cut-off value of < 31.20 pg had a sensitivity and specificity of 89.47% and an AUC of 0.89. When TSAT was < 20%, the MCHr cut-off value of < 23.95 pg had a sensitivity of 72.41%, specificity of 100%, and AUC of 0.98.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the findings, MCHr is more effective than ferritin and TSAT in detecting iron deficiency in hemodialysis patients. Future research should use MCH to investigate the impact of iron therapy with or without rHuEPO.

MeSH

Kidney Diseases, Cells, Hemoglobins, Reticulocytes, Anemia, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency, Kidney, Ferritins, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Research, Iron Deficiencies