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Publications

Journal Article Epublish

PubMed: 42502499 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2026.101577

Methadone treatment and associated health and social outcomes after a national manufacturing closure in Mexico: a longitudinal observational cohort study in Tijuana.

Lancet Reg Health Am 62:101577

Authors: Jesse Lloyd Goldshear, Alicia Harvey-Vera, Gudelia Rangel, Daniela Abramovitz, Natasha K Martin, Steffanie A Strathdee, Joseph Friedman, Maria Elena Medina-Mora, Annick Bórquez

Affiliations

  • Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
  • El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Carretera Escenica Tijuana-Ensenada Toll Boot Escenica Tijuana-Ensenada Sn San Antonio del Mar, Tijuana, BC 22560, Mexico.
  • Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
  • Unidad de Apoyo a la Salud Emocional y Psicológica, Secretaria de Servicio y Atención a la Comunidad Universitaria, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Center for Global Mental Health Research National Institute of Psychiatry RFM/UNAM, Mexico.

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) are key to the prevention of drug overdose and bloodborne infections among people with OUD while also improving psycho-social wellbeing. From February to August 2023, following government orders, Psicofarma, Mexico's primary methadone production facility remained closed, interrupting its supply nationwide. We aimed to explore associations between the time periods during and after the closure and prevalence of methadone treatment, drug use, mental health and social harms among methadone treatment patients.

METHODS

We examined these associations among 200 MOUD clinic patients in Tijuana, using log-binomial regressions via generalized estimating equations (GEE) over three six-month response periods during and post-closure (Period 1, during and post: 07/2023-01/2024, Period 2, post, limited availability: 02/2024-07/2024 and Period 3, post, restored availability but fewer clinics open: 08/2024-12/2024). We ran three sets of GEE models to test for potential mediation effects of methadone treatment on associations between response period and deleterious outcomes.

FINDINGS

Time period was associated with methadone treatment (i.e., significant decline from 36% in Period 1-13% and 26% in Periods 2 and 3, respectively), and with drug use (opioids, methamphetamine, benzodiazepines, injection use), and mental health (anxiety symptoms) outcomes.

INTERPRETATION

Methadone treatment often suppressed the strength of the associations between time periods during and after the Psicofarma's closure and drug use/mental health outcomes, which was consistent with a partial mediating role, but formal causal mediation could not be established due to data limitations. Although other unmeasured changes may have occurred during the study period, these findings suggest that the methadone shortage may have contributed to prolonged adverse effects on patients and highlight the need for policies that ensure consistent MOUD provision in Mexico, including the authorization of buprenorphine for the treatment of OUD.

FUNDING

This study was funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA049644, K01DA062723, T32DA023356, R33DA061260) and the San Diego Center for AIDS Research, an NIH supported program (P30 AI036214).

MeSH

Methadone, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Cohort Studies, Therapeutics, Mental Health, Negotiating