Journal Article Ahead of print
PubMed: 42839036 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-026-05466-7
Prenatal exposure to nonpersistent endocrine disruptors and early childhood BMI: single pollutant and mixture analyses from the ECHO Program.
Pediatr Res
Authors: Dorothy Nakiwala, Wei Perng, Emily S Barrett, Zhongzheng Niu, Akram N Alshawabkeh, John D Meeker, Dana Dabelea, Anne P Starling
Affiliations
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center and the Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center and the Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health; Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
- Division of Environmental Health, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
- College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Exposure to non-persistent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including phenols and phthalates, has been linked to obesity risk. While many studies focus on single-chemical exposures, mixture effects on child adiposity remain unclear.
OBJECTIVES
To assess associations of prenatal phenol and phthalate exposures, singly and as mixtures, with early childhood BMI in the U.S. Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Program.
METHODS
We included 586 mother-child pairs from three ECHO sites with 23 phenols and phthalate metabolites measured in maternal urine during pregnancy, and child BMI z-scores (BMIZ) at 2-5 years. Associations were estimated using covariate-adjusted single-pollutant linear regression and two mixture methods: Bayesian Weighted Quantile Sum (BWQS) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR). Sex-specific effects were examined in stratified models.
RESULTS
No associations were observed between the overall prenatal EDC mixture and BMIZ. In single-pollutant models, MBzP (highest tertile) was inversely associated with BMIZ (β = -0.36, 95% CI: -0.63, -0.08), while MEP (second tertile) was positively associated (β = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.53). Among boys, MBP (second tertile) was positively associated (β = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.79).
CONCLUSIONS
We found no strong evidence for mixture effects, though some individual compounds showed non-linear and sex-specific associations.
IMPACT
Using a 23-analyte panel of phenols and phthalate metabolites, and complementary (BKMR, BWQS) alongside single-pollutant and sex-stratified models, this study strengthens inference and addresses limitations of prior research. Prenatal exposure to ubiquitous, short-lived endocrine-disrupting phthalates showed non-monotonic, sex-specific associations with early childhood BMI in single-pollutant models. These findings contribute to the limited evidence base on mixture effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in early-life obesity risk.
MeSH
Phenols, Environmental Pollutants, Endocrine Disruptors, Obesity, Sex, Pediatrics, Phenol, Child