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Publications

Journal Article Review Epublish

PubMed: 40276541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.04.012

Exomeres and supermeres: Current advances and perspectives.

Bioact Mater 50:322-343

Authors: Li Yu, Hui Shi, Tingxin Gao, Wenrong Xu, Hui Qian, Jiajia Jiang, Xiao Yang, Xingdong Zhang

Affiliations

  • Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Road, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, Jiangsu, China. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China.
  • Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Road, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, Jiangsu, China. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China. Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Ã…bo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland.
  • Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Clinical Laboratory, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China.
  • Aoyang Institute of Cancer, Affiliated Aoyang Hospital of Jiangsu University, 279 Jingang Road, Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, 215600, Jiangsu, China.
  • National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.

Abstract

Recent studies have revealed a great diversity and complexity in extracellular vesicles and particles (EVPs). The developments in techniques and the growing awareness of the particle heterogeneity have spurred active research on new particle subsets. Latest discoveries highlighted unique features and roles of non-vesicular extracellular nanoparticles (NVEPs) as promising biomarkers and targets for diseases. These nanoparticles are distinct from extracellular vesicles (EVs) in terms of their smaller particle sizes and lack of a bilayer membrane structure and they are enriched with diverse bioactive molecules particularly proteins and RNAs, which are widely reported to be delivered and packaged in exosomes. This review is focused on the two recently identified membraneless NVEPs, exomeres and supermeres, to provide an overview of their biogenesis and contents, particularly those bioactive substances linked to their bio-properties. This review also explains the concepts and characteristics of these nanoparticles, to compare them with other EVPs, especially EVs, as well as to discuss their isolation and identification methods, research interests, potential clinical applications and open questions.

MeSH

Extracellular Vesicles, Nanoparticles, Research, Membranes

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