Journal Article Epublish
PubMed: 40429727 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26104582
Association of Vitamin D Supplementation with Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Activity, Interleukine-6 (IL-6) Levels, and Anxiety and Depression Scores in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Condition.
Int J Mol Sci 26(10)
Authors: Iván Ignacio-Mejía, Cindy Bandala, José Francisco González-Zamora, Leslie Chavez-Galan, Ivette Buendia-Roldan, Karina Pérez-Torres, María Zobeida Rodríguez-Díaz, Denilson Xipe Pacheco-Tobón, Saray Quintero-Fabián, Marco Antonio Vargas-Hernández, Humberto Carrasco-Vargas, Ramcés Falfán-Valencia, Gloria Pérez-Rubio, Kevin Alexis Hernández-Lara, Saúl Gómez-Manzo, Daniel Ortega-Cuellar, Fredy Ignacio-Mejía, Noemí Cárdenas-Rodríguez
Affiliations
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, Mexico City 11200, Mexico.
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico.
- Centro de Investigación Traslacional, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico.
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Integrativa, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
- Laboratorio de Investigación Traslacional en Envejecimiento y Enfermedades Fibróticas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
- Subdirección de Investigación, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, Mexico City 11200, Mexico.
- Dirección de la Escuela Militar de Medicina, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, Mexico City 11200, Mexico.
- Laboratorio de HLA, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico.
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico.
- Laboratorio de Nutrición Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City 04530, Mexico.
- Hospital Central Militar, Mexico City 11200, Mexico.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents with various symptoms, and some patients develop post-COVID-19 condition (PCC). Vitamin D has shown therapeutic potential in COVID-19 and may offer benefits for PCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences associated with two supplementation strategies (bolus and daily) on interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and clinical outcomes in PCC patients, regardless of whether target 25 (OH) D levels reached the ideal range. We conducted a self-controlled study in which 54 participants with PCC were supplemented with vitamin D 3 (n = 28 bolus and n = 26 daily) for 2 months. Blood samples were collected to measure IL-6 levels and GPx activity using spectrophotometric methods. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess mental function. Both bolus and daily vitamin D supplementation were significantly associated with increased GPx activity and decreased IL-6 levels. Daily supplementation was additionally associated with a significant reduction in anxiety and depression scores. However, neither regimen was associated with improvements in cough, dyspnea, or fatigue. These findings suggest a potential association between vitamin D supplementation and improvements in antioxidant and neuropsychiatric parameters in PCC, possibly mediated by its immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties. Further placebo-controlled trials are warranted to determine whether these observed associations reflect causal relationships.
MeSH
Depression, Vitamin D, Glutathione Peroxidase, Vitamins, Interleukin-6, Antioxidants, Covid-19, Peroxidase, Cholecalciferol, Glutathione
Cited by
- Post-COVID Condition and Neuroinflammation: Possible Management with Antioxidants. Antioxidants (Basel), 2025