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Journal Article Epublish 21 citations

PubMed: 39911647 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2025.101474

Long-term trends in the prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in South Korea, 2011-2021: a representative longitudinal serial study.

Lancet Reg Health West Pac 55:101474

Authors: Yesol Yim, Jae E Lee, Yejun Son, Soeun Kim, Hojae Lee, Sooji Lee, Wonwoo Jang, Hanseul Cho, Hayeon Lee, Kyeongmin Lee, Hyesu Jo, Jaeyu Park, Jiyeon Oh, Louis Jacob, Jiseung Kang, Hyunji Sang, Sang Youl Rhee, Dong Keon Yon

Affiliations

  • Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
  • Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
  • Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
  • Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
  • Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
  • Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lariboisière-Fernand Widal Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
  • Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative Diseases (EpiAgeing), Université Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Paris, France.
  • Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain.
  • Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. School of Health and Environmental Science, Korea University College of Health Science, Seoul, South Korea.
  • Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
  • Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
  • Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Regulatory Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea. Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Abstract

Background

The American Heart Association recently introduced a new framework, known as cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, aimed at the early prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, this syndrome has not been studied extensively outside of the United States. Thus, this study aimed to examine the long-term trends in CKM syndrome and its associated demographic features in South Korea.

Methods

This nationwide, cross-sectional study analyzed data from 61,106 Korean adults aged ≥20 years using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2021. CKM syndrome was defined using the PREVENT equations, categorizing individuals into five stages (0-4). Age-standardized prevalence rates, annual percent changes (APC), and sociodemographic disparities were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression and Joinpoint regression.

Findings

Among the 61,106 participants (50.4% females [95% CI, 50.0-50.8%] and 49.6% males [95% CI, 49.2-50.0%]), stage 2 CKM syndrome was the most prevalent (43.4% [42.9-43.9]), followed by stages 1 (25.4% [25.0-25.8]), 0 (21.1% [20.7-21.6]), 3 (7.3% [7.0-7.5]), and 4 (2.8% [2.6-2.9]). From 2011 to 2021, advanced stages showed significant increases (APC for stage 4: 3.2%; 95% CI, 1.5-5.2), while stage 0 declined (APC: -1.9%; 95% CI, -3.8 to 0.0). Advanced stages were more common among vulnerable subgroups, including males, older adults, rural residents, smokers, drinkers, individuals with obesity, lower education levels, and lower household incomes.

Interpretation

This is the first study to investigate the long-term prevalence of CKM syndrome based on stages at the national level in an Asian population. Our findings emphasize the urgent need for tailored public health strategies targeting metabolic risk factors, particularly in vulnerable subgroups, to prevent progression to advanced CKM stages.

Funding

National Research Foundation of Korea.

MeSH

Kidney, Prevalence, Metabolic Syndrome, Demography

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